When Will the Pyramids Aligned With Orion Again

Fringe hypothesis in alternative Egyptology

Representation of the primal tenet of the Orion correlation theory: the outline of the Giza pyramids superimposed over a photo of the stars in Orion's Chugalug.

The Orion correlation theory (or Giza–Orion correlation theory)^[1] is a fringe theory in culling Egyptology.

Information technology posits that there is a correlation between the location of the three largest pyramids of the Giza pyramid circuitous and Orion'due south Belt of the constellation Orion, and that this correlation was intended equally such past the original builders of the Giza pyramid complex. The stars of Orion were associated with Osiris, the god of rebirth and afterlife by the aboriginal Egyptians.^{[2] [3] [4]} Depending on the version of the theory, boosted pyramids tin be included to complete the movie of the Orion constellation, and the Nile river can exist included to match with the Galaxy. The theory was first published in 1989 in Discussions in Egyptology, volume thirteen. It was the discipline of a bestseller, The Orion Mystery, in 1994,^[5] equally well as a BBC documentary, The Great Pyramid: Gateway to the Stars (February 1994), and appears in some New Historic period books.^{[vi] [vii]}

History [edit]

The Orion correlation theory was put forwards past Robert Bauval, and mentioned that Mintaka, the dimmest and well-nigh westerly of the stars making up Orion's belt, was offset slightly from the others. Bauval and so made a connection betwixt the layout of the three master stars in Orion'due south belt and the layout of the three master pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex. He published this idea in 1989 in the journal Discussions in Egyptology, volume 13. The idea has been further expounded past Bauval in collaboration with Adrian Gilbert (The Orion Mystery, 1994) and Graham Hancock (Keeper of Genesis, 1996), as well as in their separate publications. The basis of this theory concerns the proposition that the relative positions of three primary Ancient Egyptian pyramids on the Giza plateau was by blueprint correlated with the relative positions of the three stars in the constellation of Orion which make upwards Orion's Belt, as these stars appeared in x,000 BC.

Their initial ideas regarding the alignment of the Giza pyramids with Orion: "…the 3 pyramids were a terrestrial map of the 3 stars of Orion'south belt"^[8] are later joined with speculation about the age of the Great Sphinx.^[9] According to these works, the Great Sphinx was synthetic c. 10,500 BC (Upper Paleolithic), and its lion-shape is maintained to be a definitive reference to the constellation of Leo. Furthermore, the orientation and dispositions of the Sphinx, the Giza pyramids and the Nile River relative to one some other on the ground is put frontwards as an accurate reflection or "map" of the constellations of Leo, Orion (specifically, Orion's Belt) and the Milky Way respectively. As Hancock puts information technology in 1998's The Mars Mystery ^[ten] (co-authored with Bauval):

...nosotros take demonstrated with a substantial trunk of evidence that the design of stars that is "frozen" on the footing at Giza in the form of the three pyramids and the Sphinx represents the disposition of the constellations of Orion and Leo every bit they looked at the moment of sunrise on the jump equinox during the astronomical "Age of Leo" (i.e., the epoch in which the Sunday was "housed" past Leo on the spring equinox.) Like all precessional ages this was a 2,160-yr period. It is more often than not calculated to have fallen between the Gregorian calendar dates of 10,970 and 8810 BC.^[x]

The allusions to dates circa 12,500 years ago are significant to Hancock since this is the era he seeks to assign to the advanced progenitor civilization, at present vanished, only which he contends through most of his works had existed and whose advanced technology influenced and shaped the development of the globe's known civilizations of antiquity. Egyptology and archaeological science maintain that available evidence indicates that the Giza pyramids were synthetic during the Fourth dynasty menses (third millennium BC^[11]), while the exact date of the Swell Sphinx is nevertheless unclear.

Critique [edit]

Arguments made by Hancock, Bauval, Anthony West and others concerning the significance of the proposed correlations have been described as a class of pseudoarchaeology.^[12]

Among these are critiques from two astronomers, Ed Krupp of Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles and Tony Fairall of the University of Cape Town, S Africa. Using planetarium equipment, Krupp and Fairall independently investigated the bending between the alignment of Orion's Belt and n during the era cited by Hancock, Bauval, et al. (which differs from the bending seen today or in the 3rd millennium BC, considering of the precession of the equinoxes). They establish that the bending was somewhat dissimilar from the "perfect match" thought to be by Bauval and Hancock in the Orion correlation theory. They estimate 47–fifty degrees per the planetarium measurements, compared to the 38-degree angle formed by the pyramids.^[thirteen]

Krupp pointed out that the slightly bent line formed by the three pyramids was deviated towards the north, whereas the slight "kink" in the line of Orion'south Belt was deformed to the due south, and to match them up one or the other of them had to be turned upside-down.^[14] Indeed, this is what was done in the original book by Bauval and Gilbert (The Orion Mystery),^[15] which compares images of the pyramids and Orion without revealing that the pyramids' map had been inverted.^[sixteen] Krupp and Fairall found other problems with their arguments, including noting that if the Sphinx is meant to represent the constellation of Leo, then it should be on the opposite side of the Nile (the "Milky Style") from the pyramids ("Orion"),^{[thirteen] [14]} that the vernal equinox c. x,500 BC was in Virgo and not Leo,^[thirteen] and that in any case the constellations of the Zodiac originate from Mesopotamia and were completely unknown in Egypt until the much subsequently Graeco-Roman era.^[16] Ed Krupp repeated this "upside downward" statement in the BBC documentary Atlantis Reborn (1999).

BBC documentary [edit]

On iv Nov 1999, the BBC broadcast a documentary entitled Atlantis Reborn which tested the ideas of Robert Bauval and his colleague, Graham Hancock. Bauval and Hancock afterwards complained to the BSC (Dissemination Standards Commission) that they had been treated unfairly. A hearing followed and in November 2000 the BSC ruled in favour of the documentary makers on all just one of the ten principal complaints brought by Hancock and Bauval.

The BSC dismissed all but one of the complaints, with the ane being upheld being in respect of an omission of their rebuttal of a specific statement confronting the Orion Correlation Theory. In regard of the nine remaining principal complaints, the BSC ruled confronting Hancock and Bauval, terminal that they had not been treated unfairly in the criticism of their theories apropos carbon-dating, the Great Sphinx of Egypt, Kingdom of cambodia'due south Angkor temples, Japan's Yonaguni germination and the mythical land of Atlantis.^[17]

The BBC offered to broadcast a revised version of the documentary, which was welcomed by Hancock and Bauval. It was broadcast as Atlantis Reborn Again on 14 December 2000.^[xviii] The revised documentary continued to present serious doubts most Bauval and Hancock'due south ideas, as held past astronomer Anthony Fairall, Ed Krupp of the Griffith Observatory, Egyptologist Kate Spence of Cambridge Academy and Eleanor Mannikka of the Academy of Michigan.^[19]

Leo and the Sphinx [edit]

The Groovy Sphinx is a colossal statue with the face of a man and the body of a king of beasts. Carved out of the surrounding limestone bedrock, it is 57 metres (187 ft) long, 6 metres (20 ft) wide, and has a height of 20 metres (66 ft), making it the largest single-stone statue in the earth. The Great Sphinx is one of the world'southward largest and oldest statues, yet basic facts about it such as the real-life model for the face, when and why it was congenital, and past whom, are debated. These questions accept collectively earned the title "Riddle of the Sphinx", a nod to its Greek namesake.

The Bully Sphinx is commonly accepted by Egyptologists to represent the likeness of Rex Khafre (also known past the Hellenised version of his name, Chephren)^[20] who is often credited as the builder as well. This would place the time of construction somewhere betwixt 2520 BC and 2494 BC. Because the express evidence giving provenance to Khafre is ambiguous, the thought of who congenital the Sphinx, and when, continues to exist the subject area of debate. An statement put frontward past Bauval and Hancock to support the Orion Correlation Theory is that the structure of the Great Sphinx was begun in 10,500 BC; that the Sphinx's king of beasts-shape is a definitive reference to the constellation of Leo; and that the layout and orientation of the Sphinx, the Giza pyramid complex and the Nile River are an authentic reflection or "map" of the constellations of Leo, Orion (specifically, Orion'south Belt) and the Galaxy, respectively.^[21]

A date of 10,500 BC is chosen considering they maintain this is the only time in the precession of the equinoxes when the astrological historic period was Leo and when that constellation rose directly east of the Sphinx at the vernal equinox. They also suggest that in this epoch the angles between the three stars of Orion'due south Belt and the horizon were an "exact match" to the angles between the 3 main Giza pyramids. These propositions and other theories are used to support the overall belief in an advanced and ancient, but at present vanished, global progenitor civilization.

The theory that the Sphinx is far older has received very express support from geologists. Robert M. Schoch has argued that the effects of water erosion on the Sphinx and its surrounding enclosure mean that parts of the monument must originally have been carved at the latest between 7000–5000 BC.^[22] Colin Reader has suggested a date only several hundred years prior to the unremarkably accepted date for construction. These views have been almost universally rejected past mainstream Egyptologists who, together with a number of geologists including James Harrell, Lal Gauri, John J. Sinai, and Jayanta K. Bandyopadhyay,^{[23] [24]} stand up by the conventional dating for the monument. Their analyses attribute the apparently accelerated wear on the Sphinx variously to modern industrial pollution, qualitative differences between the layers of limestone in the monument itself, scouring by wind-borne sand, or temperature changes causing the stone to fissure.

References [edit]

1. ^ Alexandra Bruce (2009). 2012: Science Or Superstition (The Definitive Guide to the Doomsday Miracle). The Disinformation Company. p. 46. ISBN978-1-934708-28-6.
2. ^ The Oxford Guide: Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology, Edited by Donald B. Redford, p302-307, Berkley, 2003, ISBN 0-425-19096-X
3. ^ Mackenzie, Donald A. (1907). "Triumph of the Lord's day God". Egyptian Myth and Legend. Gresham Pub. Co. pp. 167–168. ISBN978-0-517-25912-2.
4. ^ "Orion". Constellationsofwords.com. Retrieved 2012-12-07 .
5. ^ Robert Bauval, Adrian Gilbert, The Orion Mystery: Unlocking The Secrets of the Pyramids (London: Heinemann, 1994). ISBN 0-434-00074-4
6. ^ Adrian Gilbert (2001). Signs in the sky: the astrological & archaeological evidence for the birth of a new age. Iii Rivers Printing. pp. 61–66. ISBN978-0-609-80793-four.
7. ^ Philip Coppens (2004). The Canopus Revelation: The Stargate of the Gods and the Ark of Osiris. Adventures Unlimited Press. p. 30. ISBN978-ane-931882-26-2.
8. ^ Fingerprints of the Gods, Hancock, 1995, p. 375
9. ^ Keeper of Genesis, Hancock and Bauval, 1996, 1997, in the US published equally The Message of the Sphinx.
10. ^ ^{a b} Hancock, Graham; Bauval, Robert; Grigsby, John (1998). The Mars Mystery: A Warning from History that Could Save Life on Globe. Penguin. p. 189. ISBN9780140271751 . Retrieved 27 July 2016.
11. ^ (January 21, 2004) (2006) The 7 Wonders. The Smashing Pyramid of Giza Archived 2007-08-24 at the Wayback Motorcar.
12. ^ Fagan, Garrett G. (2006). "Diagnosing pseudoarchaeology". In Fagan, Garrett Thou. (ed.). Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public. Psychology Printing. pp. 38–39. ISBN978-0-415-30592-ane . Retrieved 7 Feb 2020.
13. ^ ^{a b c} Fairall, A. (i June 1999). "Precession and the layout of the ancient Egyptian pyramids". Astronomy & Geophysics. 40 (3): 3.4. doi:10.1093/astrog/40.three.three.four.
14. ^ ^{a b} Krupp, Due east.C. (February 1997). "Pyramid marketing schemes". Sky & Telescope. 93 (2): 64.
15. ^ Bauval, Robert; Gilbert, Adrian Geoffrey (Aug 16, 1994). The Orion mystery: unlocking the secrets of the Pyramids . Crown. ISBN9780517599037 . Retrieved 27 July 2016.
16. ^ ^{a b} Krupp, Ed (2002). "Astronomical Integrity at Giza". The Antiquity of Man. Archived from the original on 2018-06-02. Retrieved 2006-08-08 .
17. ^ Corporation, British Broadcasting. "BBC – Science & Nature – Horizon – Atlantis Reborn Once more".
18. ^ Corporation, British Broadcasting. "BBC – Science & Nature – Horizon – Atlantis Reborn Once again".
19. ^ Corporation, British Broadcasting. "BBC – Science & Nature – Horizon – Atlantis Reborn Again".
20. ^ Zahi Hawass, The Secrets of the Sphinx: Restoration By and Present, folio 24 (Columbia Academy Press, 1999). ISBN 977-424-492-3
21. ^ British Broadcasting Corporation. "BBC – Science & Nature – Horizon – Atlantis Reborn Again". Retrieved 27 February 2015.
22. ^ Schoch, Robert (1999). The Date of the Swell Sphinx of Giza. Archived from the original on Baronial 28, 2009. Retrieved Feb 27, 2015.
23. ^ 1000. Lal Gauri, John J. Sinai, and Jayanta Yard. Bandyopadhyay, "Geologic Weathering and Its Implications on the Age of the Sphinx". Geoarchaeology, Vol. 10, No. 2 (April 1995), pp. 119–133
24. ^ James A. Harrell, "The Sphinx Controversy: Another Wait at the Geological Show," KMT: A Modernistic Journal of Aboriginal Egypt, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Summer 1994), pp. 70–74.

External links [edit]

• "The Giza Pyramids equally a Stellar Representation of Orion'south Belt" by Robert Bauval
• "The Orion Correlation and Air-Shaft Theories" past John A.R. Legon
• "Pyramid Marketing Schemes" past Due east. C. Krupp
• "The Central Flaws in the Orion-Giza Correlation Theory" by Ian Lawton

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_correlation_theory

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